Arkworld.net

A Report On Arginine
By Harry Elwardt, N.D., PhD.
“. A few grams of prevention is worth a ton of cure.” 1
So just what is Nitric Oxide (NO)? Over 20,000 articles in the medicalliterature since 1980 attest that “absolutely everything in the body dependson it.” Its function in human physiology is so important that the AmericanAcademy of Science named Nitric Oxide the “Molecule of the year” in1992. The Nobel Peace prize in Medicine was awarded to scientists whobegan the research on Nitric Oxide in 1998 and now NO has been referredto as “The Molecule of the Millennium”. Dr. Jonathan S. Stamler, aprofessor of medicine at Duke University Medical Center, put it best whenhe said of Nitric Oxide: “It does everything, everywhere. You cannot name a major cellular response or
physiological effect in which [Nitric Oxide] is not implicated today. It’s involved in
complex behavioral changes in the brain, airway relaxation, beating of the heart,
dilation of blood vessels, regulation of intestinal movement, function of blood
cells, the immune system, even how fingers and arms move.”
There are three types of NO. Endothelial-derived NO diffuses out of endothelial cells
(cells lining arteries and veins) and into smooth muscle cells of arteries enhancing
relaxation and other properties of vascular physiology.
Endothelial-derived NO also functions in platelets (blood cells responsible for blood clots)
to inhibit aggregation or blood clotting. Brain-derived NO affects several types of nerve
cells and appears to be important in neurotransmitter pathways in both the central as well
as peripheral nervous system and regulates the production and release of many
hormones. Macrophage-derived NO is important in the immune system. This type of NO
helps macrophages (a type of immune cell) kill bacteria and tumor cells. So, NO is
important to the nervous system, the immune system and the vascular system, which
supplies nutrients to all parts of the body. Arginine, when combined with Oxygen, forms
NO. Arginine, as found in Ark1™ is the source of all forms of NO.2, 3
NO decreases with age 4, 5, 6, various age related conditions and many medications7,8.
Among the most common disease states to affect NO and therefore sexual function are: • Some of the most common drugs affecting NO and/or sexual functions are antidepressants – many common drugs like Elavil®, Prozac®. Paxil®, Zoloft®, etc.
• Anti-anxiety drugs, including Xanax® and Valium® • Other Cardiac drugs, like lanoxin or other drugs that affect cardiac rhythm • Anti-heartburn drugs like Tagamet® and Zantac® • Opioids especially chronic use of legal (e.g., Lortab®, codeine, etc.) and illegal (e.g., heroin) narcotics and pain medicines The use of many of these drugs and the incidence of most of this disease conditionsincrease after the age of 40. Obviously it is also the age group most likely to benefit fromthe use of Ark1™, though any age group can benefit. The 40 and above age group isalso the most likely age group (both men and women) to want to use Ark1™ for thetreatment of sexual dysfunction. In the genital tissue, NO triggers the release of c-GMP,which is a molecule that causes engorgement of this tissue. The arginine found in Ark1™releases NO to make sure there is plenty of c-GMP. Viagra, on the other hand, is a drugthat blocks an enzyme to make sure there is plenty of c-GMP. Arginine has been shownto be a safe and effective alternative to Viagra®. Viagra® has been reported to be safe;however, the FDA public records suggest the opposite. These records reported thatbetween April of 1998 and May of 1999 there were 1,473 adverse events including 255serious heart rhythm disturbances, 53 episodes of congestive heart failure (weakenedheart) 119 strokes, 517 heart attacks and 522 deaths.9 Every major disease process today is directly or indirectly related to lack of NO.
Diabetes, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Cancer, Peripheral
Vascular Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Sickle Cell, Scleroderma, Renal
Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Atherosclerosis are all associated with
decreased levels of NO. (With the exception of cancer, where NO functions in the
immune system, most of these disease processes involve the vascular system and
endothelial derived NO).
The primary function of endothelial derived NO is vascular homeostasis, or balance. NOmaintains vascular health by enhancing endothelial reactivity. The endothelium is theinner lining of the blood vessels and as long as the endothelium remains reactive, theyare supple, pliable and flexible. They are able to respond appropriately to the variouschanges that occur in blood vessels in the course of normal and abnormal physiology,when NO decreases, the vessels become stiff and rigid.
This is called atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries. When we developatherosclerosis, the results are high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke andultimately death. As long as we have plenty of NO, as can be supplied by the arginine inArk1™, our blood pressure remains low and we have protection from many of theconsequences of the aging process.
To date arginine has been shown in animal as well as human trials that it may beeffective in the following: • Decreasing and reversing atherosclerosis by decreasing intimal thickening and • Restore normal endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia 14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21 • Reversing consequences of coronary artery disease 22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30 • Decreasing cholesterol and triglycerides 32 • Improves walking distance in peripheral vascular disease 31,33,34,35,36 • Improves pain in interstitial cystitis 37,38 • Prolonged administration of arginine reverses adverse effects of high blood • Decreases post operative infection and length of stay 44 • Increases human growth hormone 45,46,47,48,49,50,116 • Improves outcome after bypass surgery 51 • Improves renal function 55,56,57,58,59,60 • Improves glucose uptake in muscle cells 61 • Improves cell mediated immunity 67,68,69,70,71 • Improves pituitary responsiveness and modulates hormonal control 72,73,74 • Improves diabetes and reverses damage 76,77,78,79 • Reduces blood clots and strokes 80,81,82 • Helps prevent restenosis after angioplasty and bypass 83,84,85 • Helps prevent post surgical damage after intestinal manipulation 86 • May improve irritable bowel syndrome 87 • May give protection against size of heart attack 90 • Helps protect in cardiac transplants 91,92 • Improves exercise capacity in pulmonary hypertension 96,117,118 • Improves peripheral vascular disease 103,104 • Improves outcome of cancer treatment 107,108 • Improve alzheimer’s 109,110,111,112 • Improves memory and cognitive functions 113,114,115 • L-arginine has been shown to safe in the above studies as well as others 100,116 To summarize, arginine by virtue of being a safe and natural Nitric Oxide donor can be anextremely significant factor in the treatment and reversal of most major diseases.
The impact of the arginine in Ark1™ on preventative healthcare and anti-aging isprofound, not to mention that it is a safe and effective replacement for the Viagra® typedrugs.
1. Fried R, Merrell WC. The Arginine Solution. New York, NY. Warner Books, 1999.
2. Coffee, C J: Metabolism. Madison, Ct: Fence Creek Publishing, 1998.pp388-389 3. Catt KJ: Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action. In Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3rd ed. Edited by Felig P,Baxter JD, Frohman LA. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1995, pp 138-139 4. Gerhard M, et al. Aging progressively impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels ofhumans. Hypertension 1996 Apr;27(4):849-53 5. Toprakci M, et al. Age-associated changes in nitric oxide metabolites, nitrite and nitrate. Int J Clin Lab Res2000;30(2):83-5 6. Sakuma I, et al. Identification of arginine as a precursor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 1988 Nov;85(22):8664-7 7.Vallance P, Moncada S. Nitric Oxide—from mediator to medicines. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1994 May-Jun;28 (3):209-219 Kam PC, Govender G. Nitric oxide: basic science and clinical applications. Anaesthesia 1994 Jun;49(6): 515-21 Sinha G. Viagra: ups and downs. Popular Science 2000 July: page 35 10. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Kienke S, et al. Dietary L-arginine decreases myointimal cell proliferation and vascular monocyte accumulation in cholesterol-fed rabbits.Atherosclerosis 1998 Jan;136(1) 67-77 11. Cheng JW, Balwin SN. L-Arginine in the management of cardiovascular diseases. Ann Pharmacother 2001 12. Tentolouris C, Tousoulis D, et al. L-Arginine in coronary atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2000 Sep 15;75(2-3):123-813. Wang B, Ho HV, et al. Regression of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1999;99(9):1236-4114. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, et al. Dietary L-arginine reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits: comparison with lovastatin. Circulation 1997; 96(4):1282-90 15. Schuschke DA, Miller FN, Lominadze DG, Feldhoff RC. L-arginine restores cholesterol-attenuated micro vascular responses in the rat cremaster. Int J Micricirc Clin Exp 1994 Jul-Aug;14(4): 204-11 16. Orlandi A, Marcellini M Spagnoli LG. Aging influences development and progression of earl aortic atherosclerosis lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasac Biol 2000 Apr;20 17. Chong PH, Bachenheimer BS. Current, New and future treatments in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Drugs 18. Phivthong-ngam L, Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, et al. Dietary L-arginine normalizes endothelial induced vascular contractions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998 Aug;32(2): 300-7 19. Maxwell AJ, Anderson B Zapien MP, Cooke JP. Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia is reversed by: nutritional product designed to enhance nitric oxide activity. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2000 Jun;14(3):309-16 20. Clarkson P, Adams MR, Powe AJ, et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelial-dependent dilation in hypercholesterolemic young adults. J Clin Invest 1996 April; 97(8): 1989-94 21. Cooke JP, Dzau J, Creager A. Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia is corrected by L-arginine. Basic 22. Fraser GE. Diet and coronary heart disease: beyond dietary fats and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1994 May;59(5 Suppl) 1117s-1142sand atherosclerosis. Drugs 2000 Jul;60(1):55-93 23. Quyyumi AA. Does acute improvement of endothelial dysfunction in coronary arterydisease improve myocardial ischemia? J Am Coll Cardiol 1998 Oct;32(4):904-11 24. Lerman A, Burnett JC Jr, Higano ST, et al. Long-term L-arginine supplementation improves small vessel coronary endothelial function in humans. Circulation 1998 Jun 2;97(21):1648-9 25. Ceremuzynski L, Chamiec T, Herbaczynska-Cedro K. Effect of supplemental oral L-arginine on exercise capacity in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1997 Aug 1; 80(3):331-3 26. Desrois M, Sciaky M, Lan C, et al. L-arginine during long-term ischemia: effects on cardiac function, energetic metabolism and endothelial damage. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000 April; 19(4): 367-76 27. Quyyumi AA, Dakak N, Dodati JG, et al. Effect of L-arginine on human coronary endothelium-dependent and physiologic vasodilation, J AM Coll Cardiol 1997 Nov 1; 30(5):1220-7 28. Egashira K, et al. Effects of L-arginine supplementation on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriograms. Circulation 1996;94(2):130-4 29. Tentoluris C, et al. L-arginine in coronary atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2000 Sep15;75(2-3):123-8 30. Tretjakovs P, Kalnins U, Dabina I, et al. Plasma HDL-cholesterol has an effect on nitric oxide production and arachidonic production in the platelet membranes of coronary artery disease patients without LDL-hypercholesterolemia. Med Sci Monitor 2000 May- Jun;6(3):507-11 31. Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, Galland A, Tsikas D Frolich JC. L-arginine induced vasodilatation in healthy humans: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998 Nov; 46(5): 489-97 32. Khedara A, Kawai Y Kayashita J Kato N. Feeding rats the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-N(omega) nitroarginine, elevates serum triglycerides and cholesterol and lowers hepatic fatty acid oxidation. J Nutr 1996 Oct;126(10):2563-7 33. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Theil W, et al. Restoring vascular nitric oxide formation by L-arginine improves symptoms of intermittent claudication in patients with Peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Am Col Cardiol 1998Nov;32(5):1336-44 34. Maxwell AJ, Anderson BE Cooke JP. Nutritional therapy for peripheral artery disease. Vasc Med 2000;5(1):11-1935. Hiatt WR. New treatment options in intermittent claudication: the US experience. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 2001 36. Creager MA. Medical management of peripheral artery disease. Cardiol Rev 2001 Jul-Aug;9(4):238-4537. Korting GE, Smith SD, Wheeler MA, Weiss RM, Foster HE. A randomized double-blind study of oral L-arginine for treatment of interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1999 Feb; 161(2):558-65 38. Cartledge JJ, Davies AM, Eardley I. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of the efficacy of L-arginine in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. BJU Int 2000 Mar; 85(4):421-6 39. Sisic D, Francishetti A, Frolich ED. Prolonged L-arginine on cardiovascular mass and myocardial hemodynamics and collagen in aged spontaneously hypertensive and normal rats. Hypertension 1999 Jan;33(1 Pt 2):451-5 40. Higashi Y, et al. Effects of L-arginine infusion on renal hemodynamics in patients with mild hypertension.
41. Hishikawa K, et al. Role of L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in hypertension. J Hypertens 1993 Jun; 11(6):639-4542. Dominiczak AF, Bohr DF. Nitric oxide and its’ putative role in hypertension. Hypertension 1995;25(6):1202-1143. Nakaki T, et al. L-arginine induced hypotension. Lancet 1990Oct 20; 336(8721):1016-744. Braga M, Gianotti L Raedelli G, et al. Perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing cancer surgery: results of a randomized double-blind phase 3 trial. Arch Surg 1999 Apr;134(4):428-33 45. Ghigo E, Aimaretti G, Cornelli G, et al. Diagnosis of GH deficiency in adults. Growth Hormone IGF Res 1998 Feb;8 46. Wideman L Weltman JY, Patrie JY, et al. Synergy of L-arginine and GHRP-2 stimulation of growth hormone in men and women: modulation by exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000 Oct;279(4):R1467-77 47. Gianotti L, Macario M, Lanfranco F, et al. Arginine counteracts the inhibitory effect of recombinant human insulin- like growth factor I on the somatotroph responsiveness to growth hormone-releasing hormone in humans. J ClinEndocrinol Metab 2000 Oct;85(10):3604-8 48. Mauras N, Walton P, Nicar M, et al. Growth hormone stimulation testing in both short and normal statured children.
49. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Gianotti L, et al. Hypothalamic growth hormone-insulin-like growth facto-1 axis across the human life span. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000;13 Suppl 6:1493-502 50. Korbonits M, Kaltsas G, Perry LA, et al. The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin stimulates the hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenal axis via arginine vasopressin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 Jul;84(7):2489-95 51. Wallace AW, Ratcliffe MB, Galindez D, Kong JS. L-arginine infusion dilates coronary vasculature in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery Aenesthesiology 1999 Jun;90(6):1577-8 52. Chen J, Wollman Y, Chernichovsky T, et al. Effect of high dose nitric oxide donor L-arginine in men with organic erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 1999 Feb;83(3):269-73 53. Kobayashi N, Nakamura M, Hiramori K. Effects of infusion of L-arginine on exercise-induced myocardial ischemic changes and capacity to exercise of patients with stable angina pectoris. Coron Artery Dis 1999 Jul;10(5):321-6 54. Bednarz B, Wolk R, Chamiec T, et al. Effects of oral L-arginine supplementation on exercised induced QT dispersion and exercise tolerance in stable angina pectoris.Int J Cardiol 2000 Sep 15; 75(2-3): 205-10 55. De Nicola L, Bellizzi V, Minutolo R, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study of arginine supplementation in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1999 Aug;56(2):674-84 56. Watanabe G, Tomiyama H, Doba N. Effects of oral L-arginine on renal function in patients with heart failure. J 57. Kelly BS, Alexander JW Dreyer D, et al. Oral arginine improves blood pressure in renal transplant and hemodialysis patients. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001 Jul-Aug; 25(4): 194-202 58. Efron DT, Barbul A. Arginine and nutrition in renal disease. J Ren Nutr 1999 Jul;9(3):142-459. Reckelhoff JF, et al. Long-term dietary supplementation with L-arginine prevents age related reduction in renal function. Am J Physiol 1997 Jun; 272(6 Pt 2):1768-7460.Reyes AA, Purkerson ML, Karl L, Klahr S. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine ameliorates the progressionof renal disease in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. Am J Kidney Dis 1992 Aug; 20(2):454-5 61. Bradley SJ, Kingwell BA, McConell GK. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces leg glucose uptake but not blood flow during dynamic exercise in humans. Diabetes 1999 Sep; 48(9):1815-21 62. De Gouw HW, Verbruggen MB, Twiss IM, Sterk PJ. Effect of oral L-arginine on airway hyper-responsiveness to histamine in asthma. Thorax 1999 Nov;54(11):1033-5 63. De Gouw HW, Marshall-Partridge SJ, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the airway response to exercise in healthy and asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol 2001 Feb;90(2):586-92 64. Boer J, et al. Role of L-arginine deficiency of nitric oxide and airway hyperreactivity after allergen-induced early asthmatic reaction in guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 1999 Nov;128(5):1114-20 65. Blease K, Kunkel SL, Hogaboam CM. Acute inhibition of nitric oxide exacerbates airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia and C-C chemokine generation in a murinemodel of fungal asthma. Inflamm Res 2000 Jun; 49(6):297-304 66. Du J, Cui D, Tian D. [ The role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of asthma.] [ Full text in Chinese] Zhonghua Jie 67. Gionotti L, Braga M, Fortis C, et al. A prospective, randomized clinical trial on perioperative feeding with an arginine-, omega-3 fatty acid-, and RNA enriched enteral diet: effect on host response and nutritional status. JParenter Enteral Nutr1999 Nov- Dec;23(6):314-20 68. Efron D, Barbul A. Role of arginine in immunonutrition. J Gastroentol 2000;35 Suppl 12:20-3 69.Lewis B, Langkamp-Henken B. Arginine enhances in vivo immune responses in young, adult and aged mice. JNutri 2000;130(7):1827-30 70. Mannick JB, et al. Nitric oxide produced by human B lymphocytes inhibits apoptosis and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Cell 1994 Dec 30;79(7):1137-46 71.Ochoa JB, et al. Effects of L-arginine on the proliferation of T-lymphocyte subpopulations. J Parenter Enteral Nutr2001 Jan- Feb;25(1):23-9 72. di Luigi L, Guidetti L, Pigozzi F, et al. Acute amino acid supplementation enhances pituitary responsiveness in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999 Dec;31(12):1748-54 73. Lawecki J et al. Serum insulin, pancreatic glucagons and growth hormone levels in response to intravenous infusion of L-arginine in patients with recently detected juvenile diabetes. Pol Med Sci Hist Bull 1976 Apr-Jun;15(2):177-82 74. Valcenti S, et al Biphasic effect of nitric oxide on testosterone and cyclic GMP productionby purified rat Leydig cells cultured in vivo. Int J Androl 1999 Oct; 22(5):336-41 75. Stevens BR, Godfrey MD, Kaminski TW, Braith RW. High intensity dynamic human muscle performance enhanced by a metabolic intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000 Dec;32(12):2102-8 76. Piatti PM, Monti LD, Valsecchi G, et al. Long term oral L-arginine administration improves peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001 MAY;24(5):875-80 77. Giugliana D, et al. Vascular effects of acute hyperglycemia are reversed by L-arginine. Circulation 1997; 78. Mohan IK, Cas UN. Effects of L-arginine-nitric oxide system on chemical induced diabetes mellitus. Free Radic Biol 79. Mendez JD, Balderas F. Regulation of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia by exogenous L-arginine in Diabetic rats.
80. Kaposzta Z, et al. L-arginine and S-nitroglutathione reduce embolization in Humans. Circulation 81. Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, et al. Differential inhibition of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane A 2 formation by L-arginine in vivo and in vitro. Arch Pharmacol 1998; 357:143-150 82. Wolf A, et al. Dietary L-arginine supplementation normalizes platelet aggregation in hypercholesterolemic humans.
83. Le Yorneau T, Van Belle E, Corseaux D, et al . Role of nitric oxide in re-stenosis after experimental balloon angioplasty in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J Am CollCardiol 1999 Mar;33(3):876-82 84. Janero DR, Ewing JF. Nitric Oxide and Postangioplasty re-stenosis: Pathologicalcorrelates and therapeutic potential. Free Radic Biol Med 2000 Dec 15;29(12):1199-221 85. Severin P, et al. Local intramural delivery of l-arginine enhances nitric oxide generation and inhibits lesion formation after balloon angioplasty. Circulation 1997;95(7):1863-9 86. Thomas S, Ramachandran A, Patra S, et al. Nitric oxide protects the intestine from the damage induced by laparotomy and gut manipulation. J Surg Res 2001 Jul;99(1):25-3287.Sahin AS, Atalik KE, Gunel E, Dogan N. Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic responses of the human colon smoothmuscle and the role of K+channels in these responses. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2001 Jan-Feb;23(1):13-7 88. Fini M, et al. Effect of l-lysine and L-arginine on primary osteoblast cultures from normal and osteopenic rats Biomed Pharmacother 2001 May;55(4):213-21 89. Aikawa K, Yokota T, et al. Endogenous nitric oxide-mediated relaxation and nitrinergic innervation in the rabbit prostate: the change with aging. Prostate 2001 Jun 15;48(1):40-6 90. Suematsu Y, Ohtsuka T, et al. L-Arginine given after ischemic preconditioning can enhance cardioprotection in isolated rat hearts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001, Jun;19(6):873-9 91. Koglin J. Pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiac allograft vasculopathy-impact of nitric oxide. Z Kardiol 2000;89 92. Kown MH, Van Der Steenhoven T, Uemura S, et al. L-Arginine polymer mediated inhibition of graft coronary artery disease after cardiac transplantation. Transplantation 2001 June 15;71(11):1542-8 93. Freedman RR, Girgis R, Mayers MD. Acute effect if nitric oxide on Raynaud’s phenomenon in scleroderma. Lancet 94. Morric CR, Kuypers FA, et al. Patterns of arginine and nitric oxide in patients with sickle cell disease with vaso- occlusive crisis and acute chest syndrome. J Ped Hemat/Onc 2000 Nov-Dec;22(6):515-20 95. Kumar CA, Das UN. Lipid peroxides, antioxidants and nitric oxide in patients with pre-eclampsia and essential hypertension. Med Sci Monitor 2000 Sep-Oct;6(5):901-7 96. Nagaya N, Uematsu M, et al. Short term oral administration of l-arginine improves hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2001 April;163(4):887-91 97. Barbul A, et al. Arginine enhances wound healing and lymphocyte immune responsesin humans. Surgery 1990 98. Kirk SJ, et al Arginine stimulates wound healing and immune function in elderly humans. Surgery 1993 99. De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Pharmacological nutrition after burn injury. J of Nutri 1998 May;128(5):797-803100.Blum A, Cannon RO, Costello R, et al. Endocrine and lipid effects of oral L-arginine treatment in healthy postmenopausal women. J Lab Clin Med 2000 Mar;135(3):231-7101.Ohta Y, Nishida K., Protective effect of l-arginine against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats and itsrelation to nitric acid-mediated inhibition of neutrophil infiltration. Pharmacal Res 2001 Jun;43(6):535-41 102.Khattab MM, Gad MZ, Abdallah D. Protective role of nitric oxide in indomethacin- induced gastric ulceration by a mechanism independent of gastric acid secretion. Pharmacol Res 2001 May;43(5):463-7 103.Calver A, Collier J, Vallance P. Dilator actions of arginine in human peripheral vasculature. Clin Sci 1991 104.Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH,et al. L-arginine induces nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in patients with critical limb ischemia. A randomized, controlled study. Circulation 1996 Jan 1; 93(1):85-90 105.Vallet B. Microthrombosis in sepsis. Minerva Anestesiol 2001 Apr;67(4):298-301.
106.Hambrecht R, et al. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: additional effects of exercise training and oral L-arginine supplementation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 Mar 1; 35(3):706-13 107.Heys SD, et al. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine: Modulation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with colo-rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1997 Feb;84(2):238-41 108.Brittenden J, et al. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine in patients with breast cancer(> 4cm.) receiving multi- modality treatment: report of a feasibility study. Br J Cancer 1994 May;69(5):918-21 109.McCarty MF. Vascular nitric oxide, sex hormone replacement, and fish oil may help to prevent Alzheimer’s disease by suppressing synthesis of acute-phase cytokines. Med Hypotheses 1999 Nov;53(3):369-74 110.Tarkowski E, et al. Intrathecal release of nitric oxide in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr 111.de la Torre JC, Stefano GB. Evidence that Alzheimer’s disease is a microvascular disorder: the role of constitutive nitric oxide. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000 Dec;34(3):119-36 112.Kuiper MA, et al. Decrease cerebrospinal fluid nitrate levels in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple system atrophy patients. J Neurol Sci 1994 Jan; 121(1):46-9 113.Pautler EL. The possible role and treatment of deficient microcirculation regulation in age-associated memory impairment. Med Hypotheses 1994 Jun;42(6):363-6 114.Pandhi P, Balakrishnan S. Cognitive dysfunction induced by phenytoin and valproate in rats: effect of nitric oxide.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1999 Jul; 43(3):378-82 115.Pendergast MA, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition impairs delayed recall in mature monkeys. Pharmacol 116.Fideieff HL,et al. Reproducibility and safety of the arginine test in normal adults.Medicina (B Aires) 1999; 117.Fagan JM, et al. L-arginine reduces right heart hypertrophy in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999 Jan 8; 254(1):100-3 118.Nitric oxide and pulmonary hypertension. Coron Artery Dis 1999 Jul; 10(5):287-94

Source: http://www.arkworld.net/downloads/A_Report_On_Arginine.pdf